Development of Primary Health Organizations in New Zealand

Advancement of Primary Health Organizations in New Zealand Body The conveyance of human services administrations to the individuals in each country had consistently been an issue for the legislature considering there are a great deal of components influencing its conveyance. New Zealand is a case of an administration which conveys human services to its residents and changeless inhabitants through open sponsorships and private protection. Indeed, even with the assistance of private protection, there still exist various issues looked by the legislature. These issues rotate in the accessibility and availability of social insurance administrations. New Zealand has its interests and these boundaries to human services can be classified into four: financial hindrances, usage and financial status, transaction of material, social and geographic variables, and the suggestions for the more extensive wellbeing framework (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). These components have had a ramifications in the molding of the national social insurance strategy. The social and monetary disparity inside New Zealand has extend significantly, hence new activities have been made to address such issues. The administration has taken in its exercises from the past wellbeing framework and is presently experiencing consistent changes and upgrades. The approach planned is presently progressively centered around helpful over serious models of administration arrangement and giving accentuation on the conveyance of essential consideration as the key in accomplishing its objective of wellbeing for all and as an indication of generally speaking improvement in the wellbeing framework (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). Ref: Barnett, R., Barnett, P. (April 3, 2003). Essential Health Care in New Zealand: Problems and Policy Approaches. Recovered from https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/distributions assets/diaries and-magazines/social-approach diary/spj21/21-essential human services in-new-zealand-pages49-66.html Proof of New Zealand’s endeavors to grow better impartial strategies was the usage of New Zealand Health Strategy and Primary Health Care Strategy (Minister of Health, 2001). The previous had foreseen new game plans and have picked area wellbeing sheets (DHBs) to execute these new strategies. Inside the contract of DHBs is the Primary Health Care Strategy (later) that recommends new authoritative structures. This recently proposed structure is known as essential wellbeing associations (PHOs), to take care of issues identifying with openness and accessibility in the arrangement of human services administrations. In addition, essential wellbeing associations address the absence of co-appointment between wellbeing suppliers. Despite the fact that the area wellbeing sheets (DHBs) are entrenched and setting up of Primary wellbeing associations is working out in a good way, there still lies vulnerability about accomplishing value in the arrangement of wellbeing (Barnett R. what's mo re, Barnett P. 2003). Financial Barriers to Primary Health Care in New Zealand Much the same as in numerous other created nations, the financial rebuilding in New Zealand and the abolishment government assistance state had prompted the expansion occurrence of destitution (Waldegrave et al. 1995, Jamieson 1998) and financial incongruities in wellbeing (Ministry of Health, 2000). Before all else with the enactment of Social Security in 1938, clinical administrations have been given as liberated from administration to the individuals through government endowments. In any case, it is likewise evident that the endowments didn't cover 100% of the absolute expense of patient consideration. From the start the impact to the majority was minor during 1970s where there is â€Å"long boom† of success in New Zealand. On the other hand, in 1980 the use of the GP and other wellbeing administrations from the ethnic gatherings, including the positive class are reducing because of the monetary rebuilding and developing expense of specialist charges (Gribben 1992, Barnett and Kearns 1996). Usage and Socio-Economic Status The usage of wellbeing administrations as indicated by financial status is blended in New Zealand. An ongoing overview from the National Health Survey 1996/97 (Ministry of Health 1999) reports that individuals with low-pay status are bound to have a higher recurrence of visits to General Practitioner than families from an increasingly rich zones or individuals with a higher salary. Be that as it may, the outcomes from the review shows that individuals living in a less wealthy region have a late looking for conduct and less visits to GPs on account of cost. Key outcomes from the study are as per the following: Individuals had kept on communicating their disappointment towards the expense of GP charges. The level of patients who considered the GPs charge costly as â€Å"too high† or â€Å"far too high† rose from 32.3% to 68.3% from individuals paying $10 †$14 and $15 $19 and some rose to 90% from individuals paying $25 or more (Fergusson et al. 1989). Patients with budgetary challenges in getting wellbeing administrations select to have various methodologies, both dynamic and latent, for example, late looking for conduct of care, delay in acquiring prescription and looking for money related assistance from GPs (Barnett R. also, Barnett P. 2003). Patients much of the time change their primary care physicians in any event, when they don’t need to. The presentation of Community Service Card (CSC) in 1992 is moderately ineffectual in getting to the wellbeing arrangement of care. There is an elevated level of neglected need among CSC populace. The explanation behind a rising neglected needs among the populace bunch was somewhat because of low utilization by those entitled and the shame appended to it (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). Transaction of Material, Cultural and Geographic Factors Low use of wellbeing administrations corresponding to wellbeing needs can't be appended to cost alone. As per Barnett et al. (2003) it is likewise a result of the interchange of elements; material, social and geographic variables. It was demonstrated in a study that Mã„⠁ori and low-pay New Zealanders have a low pace of GP use given that the focuses where set up to offer support in a low-pay populace. The wellbeing communities were there to improve access to want to Mã„⠁ori and low-pay masses. The expense for the arrangement of administration was decreased when contrasted with the normal expense. It was clear in the overview that monetary boundary was not the explanation but instead social qualities and desires just as the advantages from the administrations rendered (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). It is additionally imperative to think about the geographic factors in understanding the degrees of GP use. There is a solid connection among separation and examples of utilization in both medical clinic and GP administrations; it is likewise to be expected that there is a sub example to it. Individuals with more unfortunate populace have a 30% less consumption or spending plan in wellbeing when contrasted with the wealthy populace with 40% over financing as processed by the Health Funding Authority (Malcolm 1998b). It shows that the basing on the spending plan in every district, the quantity of GP accessible is likewise reliant on the financial plan, in this manner with low spending comes less number of accessible GP and wellbeing focuses while territories with higher spending comes a bigger number of GPs accessible (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). Suggestions for the more extensive wellbeing framework New Zealand research had been centered around the various examples in GP and hospitalization use. Be that as it may, there is additionally another explanation that can be credited to the low wellbeing status among low-salary populace in the entrance of medicinal services administrations. There is a connection between tolerant affirmation and normal length of emergency clinic remain. Decreasing the normal length of stay contributes in the expanded pace of readmissions inside poor people (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). One factor that may have an impact in the pace of readmissions among the poor is that the entrance to essential consideration is forestalled by conditions, for example, separation, cost and accessibility of the administration itself. It is said that the significance of essential consideration is extraordinary in diminishing or constraining hospitalization (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). Essential Health Organization Model To address the issues New Zealand has in the conveyance of human services and to give value to every single, new activity were made. The improvement of essential consideration associations (PHOs) made new systems for wellbeing administration conveyance and a road for change. Not just it includes the general professional and the network however it incorporates a wide assortment of wellbeing suppliers to accomplish the objective of giving value in the entrance of human services arrangement. PHOs are a wide based association contained numerous essential consideration suppliers. These suppliers incorporate birthing assistants, iwi gatherings, and non-government associations beside General Practitioners. The new framework is privately based, reserves were registered through the influenced populace and PHOs are given a significant job in defining new general wellbeing activities. Association with Mã„⠁ori and with Pacific people group is normal and where if necessary, Ethnic gathering portrayal in the administration is permitted (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). Expected Benefits of PHOs Upon the improvement of Primary Health Organizations, there are three possibilities benefits that can be picked up. One would be the probability of improving the populace wellbeing is higher when contrasted with previously, the pace of medical clinic affirmation will diminish and a strengthening to both the wellbeing suppliers and the purchaser. Albeit after the presentation of capitation, in itself, isn't a confirmation of an improved populace wellbeing and access to wellbeing. Nonetheless, there are proof guaranteeing that a nation with solid essential human services and a less hindrances to social insurance availability have a superior wellbeing results (Barnett R. what's more, Barnett P. 2003). A superior essential human services have another preferred position of conceivably decreasing the pace of confirmations in clinics. It is a significant factor in deciding wellbeing results in New Zealand, given the case that it has a high pace of emergency clinic affirmations. With higher pace of confirmations implies higher medical clinic use for the administration. Despite the fact that, there is no reasonable

Alloy Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Amalgam Definition and Examples in Chemistry An amalgam is a substance made by softening at least two components together, in any event one of them metal. A composite takes shape after cooling into a strong arrangement, blend, or intermetallic compound. The segments of amalgams can't be isolated utilizing a physical methods. A combination is homogeneous and holds the properties of a metal, despite the fact that it might incorporate metalloids or nonmetals in its piece. Exchange Spellings: composites, alloyed Combination Examples Instances of combinations incorporate hardened steel, metal, bronze, white gold, 14k gold, andâ sterling silver. In spite of the fact that exemptions exist, most compounds are named for their essential or base metal, with a sign of different components arranged by mass percent. Employments of Alloys Over 90% of metal utilized is as amalgams. Compounds are utilized in light of the fact that their concoction and physical properties are prevalent for an application than that of the unadulterated component segments. Run of the mill upgrades incorporate erosion obstruction, improved wear, uncommon electrical or attractive properties, and warmth opposition. Different occasions, composites are utilized on the grounds that they hold the key properties of part metals, yet are more affordable. Model Alloys Steel: the name given to an amalgam of iron with carbon, as a rule with different components, for example, nickel and cobalt. Different components add an ideal quality to the steel, for example, hardness or pliable strength.Stainless Steel: another iron amalgam, which normally contains chromium, nickel, and different components to oppose rust or corrosion.18k Gold: this is 75% gold. Different components regularly incorporate copper, nickel, or zinc. This combination holds the shading and shine of unadulterated gold, yet is more enthusiastically and more grounded, improving it appropriate for jewelry.Pewter: an amalgam of tin, with different components, for example, copper, lead, or antimony. The combination is flexible, yet more grounded than unadulterated tin, in addition to it opposes the stage change of tin that can cause it to disintegrate at low temperatures.Brass: a blend of copper with zinc and some of the time different components. Metal is hard and strong, making it appropri ate for plumbing installations and machined parts.Sterling Silver: is 92.5% silver with copper and different metals. Alloying silver makes it harder and increasingly strong, despite the fact that the copper will in general lead to greenish-dark oxidation (discolor). Electrum: Some combinations, similar to electrum, happen normally. This composite of silver and gold was exceptionally prized by antiquated man.Meteoritic Iron: While shooting stars may comprise of any number of materials, some are common amalgams of iron and nickel, with extraterrestrial starting points. These combinations were utilized by antiquated societies to make weapons and tools.Amalgams: These are mercury compounds. The mercury makes the composite much like a glue. Amalgams might be utilized inâ dental fillings, with the mercury flawless, albeit another utilization is to spread the amalgam and afterward heat it to disintegrate the mercury, leaving a covering of another metal.

Visit to the Library

Visit to the Library Visit to the Library Home›Informative Posts›Visit to the Library Informative PostsThe name of the library that I visited at down town of Los Angeles is referred to as the Central library. It is located at 630 W 5th street in Los Angeles. The library was originally set up in 1926 of which, has been known to be amongst the top three largest libraries in US.   The library serves everybody hence, it may be considered to be a public library.The library operates from 10 am to 8 pm on Tuesdays and on Thursdays. On Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays, the library operates from 10 am to 5 .30 pm. The library does not operate on public holidays. The library has a variety of materials which are accessible. Some of the materials that the library possess include: Books and journals, Indexes and the abstracts, CD ROMS and internet, newspapers, audio and video cassettes, Braille, microfilms and slides, photographs and posters, and finally the thesis and dissertations.Capital library offers vario us facilities and services to its users. There is a computer centre where the locals and foreign users may access the internet and, do research work or get informed. There is a section that has the depository section where, the government documents are secured. When an individual wants to get informed about government policies and projections, it is at this section that would suffice the purpose. There is electronic information that concerns high school matters. There is also a language learning centre. This section has resources from various linguistic backgrounds. Foreigners find this section vital more so in boosting their language. In addition, the natives who may want to learn other languages often visit this section. There is also a low vision centre where individuals who are visual impaired may be assisted. This section has sophisticated equipments that enhance their readability or, gives them alternative options.The library also offers lending services where individuals may borrow a book for certain duration of time depending on the availability of the book. There are also catalogues which are located that eases the process of identification of the books or the materials required. These catalogues are in electronic and manual forms. In addition there are photocopying services which is being offered. Adult literacy is being offered to give a chance for those adults that are illiterate to gunner some knowledge.Capital library also possesses electronic resources and databases such as; the Access science where by the users are able to access online versions of materials such as the MC-Graw-Hill, the science and technology encyclopedias the research updates and the famous year books. There are also database such as the African American and their experiences and the access of the news papers. This library uses online system to administer most of its services. The availability of computers is widely noticed when one enters the library. The library seems to ha ve an organized system and the operation is smooth. Despite the large number of user, services are delivered smoothly without causing commotion. One thing that fascinated me was the provision for volunteering services where the volunteers are given an option of interacting with various users to learn their cultures. There are also taken to various parts of the state to gather information to be stored in the library.The service that this library seems to lack is a translator. I think a translator who understands the major world languages would suffice well to the users. Another option can be to have electronic translators that user may use to guide them. This may greatly assist the foreigners who may not understand the language of that particular region. Indeed, Capital library is a nice place to be when one wants to gunner general knowledge.

How to Overcome Math Anxiety

Do you feel a little flushed when you think about doing math homework? Do you think youre no good at math? If you find yourself putting off your math work or dreading math tests, you may suffer from math anxiety. What Is Math Anxiety? Math Anxiety is a type of fear. Sometimes fear is merely the dread of some unknown that lurks out there. How do you conquer this type of fear? You isolate it, examine it closely, and understand what its made of. When you do this, youll soon find that the fear goes away. There are five common factors and feelings that make us avoid math. When we avoid it, we lose confidence and then start building up dread and fear. Lets confront the things that cause us to avoid math! Im Just Not Cut Out for Math Sound familiar? Actually, there is no such thing as a brain type that makes one person better than another at math. Yes, studies show that there are different brain types, but those types just concern your approach at problem solving. Your approach can be different from another students, but it can still be just as effective. One factor that affects math performance more than any other is confidence. Sometimes a stereotype can make us believe that we are naturally less capable than others. Studies have shown that math stereotypes are not true! Interestingly, studies do show that positive thinking can improve math performance. Basically, there are two things that you can do to really and truly improve your math performance: Dont accept stereotypes about mathThink positive thoughts. If you are smart at any skill at all, then you can be smart at math. If you are good at writing or foreign language, for instance, that proves you can be smart at math. Building Blocks Are  Missing This is a legitimate cause for anxiety. If you avoided math in lower grades or you just didnt pay enough attention in middle school, you may be feeling stressed out because you know your background is weak. There is good news. You can overcome this problem easily by skimming through a textbook that was written for a level slightly lower than your current class. First, youll be surprised at how much you do know. Secondly, youll find there are only a few skills you need to practice before youre completely caught up. And those skills will come easily! Want proof? Think about this: There are many, many adult students who start college after being out of class for ten and twenty years. They survive college algebra by brushing up quickly on forgotten (or never acquired) basic skills using old text books or a refresher course. Youre not as far behind as you think you are! Its never too late to catch up. Its Just So Boring! This is a false accusation. Many students who like the drama of literature or social studies may accuse math of being un-interesting. There are many mysteries in math and science! Mathematicians enjoy debating approaches to long-unsolved problems. From time to time, somebody will discover the solution to a problem that others have sought for years. Math poses challenges that can be amazingly gratifying to conquer. Additionally, there is a perfection to math that cant be found in many places on this earth. If you like mystery and drama, you can find it in the complexity of math. Think of math as a great mystery to solve. It Takes Too Much Time It is true that many people suffer real anxiety when it comes to setting aside a certain span of time and committing to it. This is one of the factors that often leads to procrastination, and it manifests in people of all ages. For example, many adults put off tasks when they know they will have to devote themselves completely for an hour or two. Perhaps, deep down, were afraid well miss out on something. There is just a certain amount of anxiety or fear that comes with stepping out of our life for an hour or two and focusing on one specific thing. This explains why some adults put off paying bills or doing odd jobs around the house. This is one of those fears that we can overcome, just by acknowledging it. Realize that its normal to resist devoting an hour of your thoughts to your math homework. Then simply think your way through your fear. Think about the other things in your life that youll need to set aside. Youll soon realize that can do without them all for an hour or two. Its Too Complex to Understand It is true that math involves some very complex formulas. Remember the process for overcoming any fear? Isolate it, examine it, and break it down into little parts. Thats exactly what you have to do in math. Every formula is made of little parts or skills and steps that youve learned in the past. Its a matter of building blocks. When you come across a formula or process that seems too complex, just break it down. If you find that youre a little weak on some of the concepts or steps that make up one element of the formula, then just go back and work on your building blocks.

Web Du Bois Soapstone - 717 Words

W.E.B. Du Bois SOAPSTone * Subject * In this text, W.E.B. Du Bois analyzes Booker T. Washington’s views on race in America. Du Bois acknowledges many of Washington’s accomplishments, such as how Washington began Tuskegee University and how Washington could cater to both the Northerners and the Southerners. On the contrary to praising him, Du Bois also subtly criticizes how Washington approaches dealing with racism. Washington believes that Blacks should be submissive rather than challenge the White people. Washington asks the Blacks to give up three things, political power, insistence on civil rights, and higher education of Negro youth. Du Bois then goes on to show the results of Washington’s ideals, such as the†¦show more content†¦This topic is something that Du Bois personally feels passionate about, and because of this, he is able to write about it in this way. * Tone * Du Bois has a passionate and persuasive tone. He is trying to persuade the free Black men to be on his side and to not agree with Washington’s ideals. He speaks passionately because this is something that he truly cares about seeing a change in, and he tries to sway that audience towards his side of the

Review of BPR methodologies Free Essays

This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of using a methodology in the context of BPR. It also provides a critique of existing BPR methodologies which erved as a basis for the development of the CONDOR BPR methodology. The paper also presents the main points of the implementation of this methodology to three European construction companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of BPR methodologies or any similar topic only for you Order Now What can a methodology offer to the BPR field? According to Preece and Peppard (1996), a methodology is simply theory put into practice aiming at dealing with real world situations. According to Valiris and Glykas (1999) a BPR methodology should provide ‘ ‘a consistent set of techniques and guidelines which will enable the business process redesigner to reorganise business ctivities and processes in an organisation†. The use of a methodology is essential for a number of reasons. First, a methodology provides a means of codifying experience, knowledge and ideas, in a form that not only can be easily applied, but also can be evaluated and tested. Second, a methodology offers a certain level of organisation, and facilitates planning and monitoring. In BPR initiatives, a methodology enables the organisation, on the one hand, to have a clear picture of its current processes along with their associated problems and, on the other, to design the new state of these processes. In addition, by following a certain methodology, BPR re-engineers† have the opportunity to monitor and evaluate the progress of the re-engineering effort. Third, a methodology enables those who are involved or affected by the BPR to understand their tasks and clarify their roles. A BPR methodology which is clearly defined and explained to those who are leading the BPR work can facilitate the communication between them, and serve as a kind of ‘ ‘contract† in which all the parties understand their responsibilities and are, therefore, able to monitor the overall process re-engineering progress. Finally, adoption of a methodology allows a standard set of required skills to be identified and developed. Key skills required for BPR include process modelling, organisational development techniques, and skills to deal with resistance to change. There are, however, a number of problems related to the use of a methodology. One important reason which explains the reluctance of developing and using methodologies or models in the BPR context is that the widely accepted methodologies are based on how the business processes should change and how the organisation should adapt itself in this change, rather than on the evaluation of urrent practices and on the codification of successful practical experiences (Simsion, 1994). Moreover, the BPR literature search reveals that there are an increasing number of successful re-engineering implementations and case studies using BPR methodologies. Although each business situation has some unique characteristics, an appropriate methodology will need to allow tor assessment and re-use ot existing successful approaches and practical experiences. In addition, a methodology hides the danger of restraining creativity and innovation. The latter are crucial elements in he radical thinking during the re-engineering process. By encouraging those who are involved in the reengineering process to comply with the requirements of a given methodology, there is a potential risk of restricting the opportunity of optimising the results according to the level required by the methodology (Simsion,1994). Critique of existing BPR 239 240 In conclusion, there are many advantages and disadvantages regarding the use of a specific methodology or model in the re-engineering initiative. Each side demonstrates equally important arguments that affect the organisation. The lternative to using a methodology in an attempt to minimise the negative consequences is not anarchy but a contingency approach tailored to suit the objectives and needs of every organisation or business sector, building on basic principles of planning and monitoring as well as on previous successful working practices. Critique of existing BPR methodologies and models The are many BPR methodologies and models available, and most of them pursue a similar path and exhibit commonalities in key areas (Butler, 1994). Today, an increasing number of methodologies, models and tools taken from other disciplines re available in the market, claiming that they are suitable for BPR initiatives. Ruessmann et al. (1994) reported the results of their research, claiming that BPR methodologies are based on a synthesis of techniques drawn from other disciplines and methodologies such as soft systems, total quality management (TQM), benchmarking, and organisational development. According to a I-JK BPR methodology survey summary findings (Archer, 1996), the number of stages involved in BPR approaches varies greatly, despite the fact that they do present key similarities. How to cite Review of BPR methodologies, Papers

Data Warehouse in a Simple Language by Dirk Herreman

Question: Give a review on Data warehouse in a simple language by Dirk Herreman. Answer: Data warehouse is a vital source for converting the data into the information form which further can be used for making intelligent decisions (Herreman, 2016). He provides a strong base for the various techniques of data analysis. It is a useful source for accessing the information in a quick and easy manner. The success of any business depends on achieving the goal, and this process is incomplete without taking corrective decisions. The author has explained some key points related to the data warehouse. The first key point is related to the ease for creating the database. The size of the data warehouse varies from business to business and from industry to industry, and it depends on the size and the requirement of the organization. He has given guidance on choosing the right approach for establishing the data warehouse. Some organizations go for a huge database that is created in the centralized form. Some organizations create a small database, and some firms go for a combination of both types of databases a small as well as large database. It further depends on the data structure required by the firm. The second key term is that the data warehouse is different from the operational databases. In a data warehouse, firstly the data structure is created, and then an application is created from it. He explained that it varies from the operational database as in an operational database, firstly the application is established, and then data is entered into the created application. The third main point is related to the creation of data structure in the data warehouse. He mentioned that this task is impossible to perform without using the data model. (Herreman, 2016). It is important to choose the accurate data model and correct data modeling technique for creating successful data warehouse so that it helps in taking corrective decision. There are various data modeling methods like dimensional data modeling, E-R modeling, etc. He said that the dimensional modeling wa s not suitable for handling bulky data models. Conclusion and Recommendations: The author concludes that data warehouse provides the reliable information, and it provides the correct solutions for various issues. He concludes that it should be created by using the right method and right model (Herreman, 2016). He recommended various data analysis techniques, data models (like dimensional data modeling, E-R modeling), architecture, and he also guiding in choosing the right technique and right model depending on the size and requirement of the organization. The only drawback is that the reader required a complete knowledge of the Entity-Relationship model. Critique and Critical analysis: This book is a very useful source for the beginners. This book provides the information on models, data structures, implementation, administration, development, and maintenance of the data warehouse. The author gives a clear picture to the readers related to the uses of the data warehouse. Before going for reading this book, the reader must have knowledge related to the Entity-Relationship modeling. The author has also explained the concept of data marts, and the way it varies from the data warehouse. He guides various recommendations on choosing the accurate data model, and right data structure for creating the data warehouse. The author says that its supports different data structures. The data can be accessed in the form of files, logs, and tables. The author elaborates that it does not behave well in case of data analysis for historical data. He explained the concept that the vast amount of data scanning was needed in case of accessing the historic al data. It can cause impacts in a negative way on the operational application. The author has given suggestion also for handling this situation. He mentions that there should be a separate environment for handling the historical data as well as there should be a separate environment for handling the current data of the firm. It helps in reducing the conflicts between the information, and it also helps in increasing the performance of the overall system. In short, it is helpful in improving the operational environment of the company. The author says that the idea of warehouse starts form the concept of the relational database management system (Berghel, 2015). The author has also referred the reasons for creating this concept. He elaborates that it is created for handling the end user computing process. The quires are executed into the database by using SQL (Structured Query Language). He mentions that the concept of a data warehouse is generated to solve the following a query or is sue: the requirement for the computing system of the end user is different form the requirements of the system used for the transactional processing. The author has explained the various techniques of data analysis in a easy way. The different tools are the query, and reporting tool, data mining tool, and the other is multi-dimensional analysis tool (Li, 2013). He provides the result corresponding to the queries made by the users. The result is given in the form of patterns, or the book can be given in the form of clustering attributes, and it further used for data analysis and then, the decision is made by the data analysis. This book provides low level or beginner level material. I would suggest this book to the beginners, but it is not a fruitful source for advanced studies. This book is not a good for the industries working at large scale, but it is beneficial for the small scale companies, as it guides them in choosing the architecture for the creation of the data warehouse. Readers view: This is an interesting book, and I have also created a copy of this book on my system. This book is a good source for beginning level users as earlier I dont know about the concept of data warehouse, models, techniques, and architecture relate to it. After reading this book, I have understood the concept that how the data warehouse is a vital source in taking the accurate, and quick decisions. The author MS Raisinghani says about this article that there are various benefits of using this technology as application is created after the creation of data structure and it supports the population process in which the operational data, as well as the data from external systems, can be entered into the data warehouse (Raisinghani, 2016). It helps in event management by using the concept of the trigger. The trigger is executed whenever an event occurs in the system. It also maintains the log of changes and moreover, it provides the time stamp based capture which means it mention ed the time when the changes have been made in the system. I got an interesting concept that data warehouse is not a product, it is a solution. Before going through this book, I thought that it was a product or combination of different products. But, after going into the book, I realized that it is key to resolve various queries, and also the author says that it provides the capability for decision-making process (Doganaksoy, Hahn, 2012). The author Steve Hoberman has also given positive feedback on this book, and he says (through this book) that the data warehouse helps in resolving conflictions; it helps in eliminating various issues like data redundancy, data consistency, etc. (Hoberman, 2016). I get clarification on the various aspects as the author elaborates the process for entering the data into the data warehouse; he has also mentioned the data maintained, and data structure methods (Herreman, 2016). He says that it provides the timely, understandable, accurate, and complet e information. He mentioned that the only drawback of this technique is that it is costly, time- consuming, and inefficient method. He says that it is a costly process so it cant be managed, and maintained by the small scale companies as they invest fewer amounts on maintaining the database as compare to the large scale companies. References Berghel, H. (2015). Simplified integration of Prolog with RDBMS. SIGMIS Database, 16(3), 3-12. CACM Staff, (2011). How to celebrate Codd's RDBMS vision. Communications Of The ACM, 53(10), 7. Doganaksoy, N. Hahn, G. (2012). Data Mining: A Gateway to Better Data Gathering. Statistical Analysis Data Mining, 1(4), 280-283. Gmez, L., Kuijpers, B., Moelans, B., Vaisman, A. (2012). A Survey of Spatio-Temporal Hameed Mousa, A., Shiratuddin, N., Abu Bakar, M. (2014). Virtual Data Mart for Measuring Organizational Achievement Using Data Virtualization Technique (KPIVDM). Jurnal Teknologi, 68(3). Herreman, D. (2016). Data modeling Techniques for Data Warehousing. IBM. Retrieved 13 June 2016, Hoberman, S. (2016). Data modeling techniques explained: How to get the most from your data. Retrieved 15 June 2016 Li, d. (2013). RESEARCH ON DATA MART AND DATA MINING OF WELDING WORKSHOP. Chinese Journal Of Mechanical Engineering, 39(04), 79. Marketos, G., Theodoridis, Y., Kalogeras, I. (2011). Seismological Data Warehousing and Mining. International Journal Of Data Warehousing And Mining, 4(1), 1-16. Naeem, M., Dobbie, G., Weber, G. (2011). HYBRIDJOIN for Near-Real-Time Data Warehousing. International Journal Of Data Warehousing And Mining, 7(4), 21-42. Raisinghani, M. (2016). Adapting Data Modeling Techniques for Data Warehouse Design. Retrieved 15 June 2016 Schuppert, A. Perne, R. (2015). Data Mining mit Prozessdaten (Data Mining with Process Data). At - Automatisierungstechnik, 53(7/2005). Thnh,  . (2012). Macroeconomic data mart. JCC, 24(1). Wegman, E. (2012). Special issue of statistical analysis and data mining. Statistical Analysis And Data Mining, 5(3), 177-177.

Citi Bank Project Essays - Citigroup, Citibank, Wachovia

Citibank, a Citigroup company, has set a goal to be the premier international financial company in the next millennium. The public relations efforts of Citibank start with a website. Citibank.com gives all the customers from around the world access to their banking and enables them to do everything that they do in the bank online. They also support to a lot of charities and do a lot of sponsorship organizations. I think the campaign that Citibank runs to be the good citizen corporation are very effective. Citibank keeps high financial results. Citibank has had some good PR opportunities. Examples of these are The Catholic Charities Brooklyn Funding and program delivery occurs at both the corporate and local levels. Services include: consumer health education (via print, classroom and intranet-based delivery); preventive screenings and immunizations; behavior change, fitness and work conditioning programs; and targeted interventions for those at risk or with chronic medical conditions. There is also some bad publicity surrounding Citibank. Some examples are Citibank ran a lockdown of ATM cards for customer traveling or otherwise in Canada, Europe or Russia. Apparently, the network had been hacked. Unfortunately, Citibank seems somewhat lacking as some reported Citibank failed to notify them before they used their card to attempt to retrieve money, Despite Citibank's recently publicized policy of not doing business with firms "that manufacture or sell military weapons, military munitions or firearms," new information indicates the New York-based global banking giant may be selective about enforcing its own policy. Though company spokesmen have denied Citibank pursues "business relationships" with such firms, a newly discovered press release tells a different story. Dated Nov. 30, 1999, the release states that Sanford I. Weill, 66, chairman and co-chief executive officer of Citigroup, was elected to the board of directors of United Technologies Corporation, a company that manufactures Pratt & Whitney engines for jet fighters, as well as Sikorsky helicopters for the military and other "aerospace and defense products." Citigroup is the parent company of Citibank and Travelers, and the most recently bad publicity about Citibank is Citibank previously teamed up with the FDIC to pick off Wachovia's banking operation for $2.2 billion. Four days after the deal was announced, Wells Fargo loaded up the stagecoach, buying Wachovia as a whole for $15 billion. The FDIC shrugged its shoulders, glad not to have pay $42 billion to secure against losses, and let Wells Fargo proceed with the takeover.

Free Essays on G.W. Bush Budget Opinion Piece

PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH’S FY 2006 BUDGET PROPOSAL As one who is deeply interested in politics and its study, and who is engaged to a degree in its happenings, several observations have been noted by my person. It began with smaller details juxtaposed with overall outlooks. I began to notice, the more I attended my public high school, that it needed significant improvement in terms of its programs and methods of teaching and examination. After a semester in England, I compared it to my experience at my university back home, and so great discrepancies in quality of education and in terms of political activism. My home campus is a politically dead one, with students worried about a job market as opposed to world affairs. I began to notice that this was true in many other universities, as explained to me by my friends. My list of observations could go on, including but not limited to the poor quality of presidents relative to foreign prime ministers and former presidents, the lagging of American innovation behind that of the Europ ean Union, and a growing bureaucracy that makes the government America’s biggest employer. Which segues perfectly into President Bush’s budget: it presented a bigger government under a supposed â€Å"fiscal conservative.† The government has grown under this president, and he doesn’t deny that the government is in the business of being â€Å"compassionate.† But once again, education is under-funded. And this of course doesn’t make the administration that different than others. On numerous occasions, both parties have failed to address the serious problems in our education systems and opportunities they offer in a competitive global market. Perhaps the only positive thing that has occurred is the No Child Left Behind Act which was a Clinton brain-child. It passed under Bush, and isn’t positive to me in that it’s a great program, only that it’s an experiment with an ailing educational s... Free Essays on G.W. Bush Budget Opinion Piece Free Essays on G.W. Bush Budget Opinion Piece PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH’S FY 2006 BUDGET PROPOSAL As one who is deeply interested in politics and its study, and who is engaged to a degree in its happenings, several observations have been noted by my person. It began with smaller details juxtaposed with overall outlooks. I began to notice, the more I attended my public high school, that it needed significant improvement in terms of its programs and methods of teaching and examination. After a semester in England, I compared it to my experience at my university back home, and so great discrepancies in quality of education and in terms of political activism. My home campus is a politically dead one, with students worried about a job market as opposed to world affairs. I began to notice that this was true in many other universities, as explained to me by my friends. My list of observations could go on, including but not limited to the poor quality of presidents relative to foreign prime ministers and former presidents, the lagging of American innovation behind that of the Europ ean Union, and a growing bureaucracy that makes the government America’s biggest employer. Which segues perfectly into President Bush’s budget: it presented a bigger government under a supposed â€Å"fiscal conservative.† The government has grown under this president, and he doesn’t deny that the government is in the business of being â€Å"compassionate.† But once again, education is under-funded. And this of course doesn’t make the administration that different than others. On numerous occasions, both parties have failed to address the serious problems in our education systems and opportunities they offer in a competitive global market. Perhaps the only positive thing that has occurred is the No Child Left Behind Act which was a Clinton brain-child. It passed under Bush, and isn’t positive to me in that it’s a great program, only that it’s an experiment with an ailing educational s...

What are the benefits to an advertiser of TV instead of print Essay

What are the benefits to an advertiser of TV instead of print - Essay Example The three traditional media platforms — radio, print and television — in addition to the emerging powerhouse, the Internet, are all effective marketing and advertising tools. This paper will examine some of the benefits in two-way comparisons. Their respective unique benefits for advertisers are primarily anchored on their own publics - their audience, listeners and viewers. These differentiated populations will explain why one is better than the others. Of course, this variable is in addition to other factors as well, including the manner in which contents are delivered. This paper will examine some of the benefits in two-way comparisons. TV vs. Print Advertisers will prefer television than newspapers and magazines fundamentally because television can broadcast moving pictures, hence, is more effective platform to market products. According to Hansen and Christensen, television has more emotional impact as evidenced by how most people remember TV advertisements than th ose placed in other media (279). In addition, television viewership can surpass print subscriptions. Statistics show, for instance, that 99 percent of the American household own at least one television (Herr). Print readership, on the other hand, is declining in the past years. For example, newspaper subscription has dropped 8.74 percent in 2010, placing the overall readership to less than 100 million (discounting readership of their online versions) (Lefkow 2010). Advertisers are increasingly becoming aware of this and, as a response, they are now purchasing advertising space in newspapers that are decentralized and specialized, meaning to reach their intended market more effectively (Cranberg, Bezanson and Soloski, 130). The decline in readership has led to the downtrend in newspaper advertising revenue as demonstrated in the following table: Table 1: Newspaper Ad Revenue (OECD, 60) Radio and TV Although radio appears to be ineffective in advertising in comparison to other traditi onal media the case is actually the opposite. Radio holds significant advantage over TV in the eyes of advertisers. Shimp outlined these as: 1) the ability to reach segmented audiences; 2) intimacy; 3) economy; 4) short lead times; 5) easy transfer of imagery from television; and, 5) the use of local personalities (372). To explain of these advantages in detail, let us consider the "intimacy" variable. Unlike television, radio is a platform that people feel closer to because they can identify with it. Radio advertising, wrote Shimp, is a personal and intimate form of friendly persuasion that has potential to increase consumers' engagement with advertisement placement in the medium (273). Then, there is also the ease by which television content could be transformed into radio broadcast. An ad can be both aired on TV and radio without any major tweaking. Even without the visuals, consumers can identify the ad and recall what is seen previously on TV. A case in point is how Pizza Hut r elies heavily on radio to leverage its TV ad spots. For instance, Garfield, the popular cartoon character, was easily transported from TV to radio ads with his personal, entertaining and informative message sandwiched between music beds that featured Pizza Hut’s one-number jingle† (Weinberger, Campbell and Brody 1994, 133). Internet over Traditional Media? Technology is actually the biggest advantage of the Internet over each platform of the traditional media. DSL, cable, broadband, satellite, etc. - these technologies have enabled millions upon millions of users to access information at the speed and convenience never before seen. For advertisers the Internet is important because of the number of users available. More important, however, is the kind of "intelligent" advertising allowed by high-technology. For instance, softwares, applications and databases can enable advertisers to find and communicate with specific target markets. The idea is

Music ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music ethnography - Essay Example In a special interview of one of the natives who claimed to have attended every Pow Wow Festival since he was five years old, he said the festival often takes a whole week. Whereas this still takes place, the March event was not one of the special occasions that called for a week’s celebration of dances, music and culture of the First Nationals of America. Obtaining historical information about the event that has become popular over the ages was easy given the fortunate friendship I struck with the old man (probably 76 years). He had so much interest in the event that his knowledge of every detail of the event was more refined than obtainable in a cultural encyclopedia. Abukcheech Adahy explained the significance of the event from its origin. From the senior native’s knowledge, the word â€Å"powwow† comes from Naragansett term â€Å"powwaw† that has the meaning of a â€Å"Spiritual Leader†. It is used to describe a gathering of Native Americans of any tribe. Abakcheech is a member of the planning committee for Pow Wow Festival, and he revealed that planning for the occasion begins close to a year before the event. In essence, Pow Wow Committee starts planning for the following years as soon as one festival is over. For this year’s event, the festival was sponsored by assortment of colleges and unive rsities, American Native Communities within California, Tribal Organizations, American Native Club and Native American Studies Program. Performance on the occasion is highly choreographed and organized. The Pow Wow Committee is responsible for securing location of the event, hiring head staff of the event and recruiting vendors to sell merchandise related to the cultural occasion. These include foods and artifacts as well as costumes and traditional attire that the performers use in the event. The head staff of Pow Wow Festival is usually chosen as an honor to a person’s dedication to the

High Power Continuous Wave Fiber Laser System

High Power Continuous Wave Fiber Laser System Introduction of High Power Fiber Laser The optical fiber with very high surface-to-volume ratio and a strong waveguide effect provides the fiber based laser source the potential to generate high power laser beam with high quality. In addition to the capacity of generating raw optical power with high beam quality, the fiber laser system has other appealing features, such as supporting robust and compact system designs, allowing ultrashort pulse operation, offering a board wavelength tunability, and providing high gains. Those features stimulate the research on the high power fiber lasers system, and lay the foundation of novel appealing applications, such as remote material processing, aerospace and defense. In the past decade, a remarkable increase of the powers produced by fiber lasers with high beam quality has been achieved (see Fig.1). As a result, the high power laser becomes strong counterpart of the solid-state bulk laser, and penetrates rapidly into areas that formerly other lasers were used. Literature Review In the early 1960s, the first fiber laser was demonstrated by Snitzer. The doped fibers potential for high optical gain was revealed by David Payne and co-researchers working on Neodymium- doped fibers in mid 1980s . In 2009, the high power fiber laser, which based on a specifically silica-host ytterbium-doped fiber-based laser (YDFL), obtained 10 kW output in the single-mode (SM) regime. Although architectures are different, the high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers are mostly archived with rare-earth-doped (RE-doped) double-clad fibers. The double-clad fiber, which was initially demonstrated in 1988, provided the option of cladding pumping, and proved to be one of the key technologies for power scaling. The structure of this double cladding is that the active RE-doped core is surrounded by a much larger inner cladding (see Fig. 2), and are encircled together by out cladding. The pump beam emitted by fiber-coupled high-power diode bars or other kinds of laser diodes is coupled into the inner cladding, and confined within it by an outer cladding. The confined pump beam will be absorbed into the core while it propagates along the fiber. The laser light is generated in the central core, and the laser light can have very good beam quality even diffraction limited beam. Thereby, by means of double cladding configurations one realized the conversion from low brightness p ump to high brightness single-mode fiber laser output. As the spatial and angular pump acceptance [can be expressed as the product of area and the square of the numerical aperture (NA)] for the inner cladding is significantly improved to the core pump, Such conversion is more effective, and close to 5 orders have been demonstrated experimentally. Among high power RE-doped fiber lasers, the YDFL is notable in term of high power. The Ybs broad absorption band extends from 900 to 980 nm (see fig 3), covering high power pump LDs best performance wavelengths, offers a low quantum defect [energy difference between pump and laser photons] for pumping with 9xx nm LD and lasing above 1040nm. This superior property offers the potential for achieving very high power efficiencies and reducing thermal effects. In addition, lasing at wavelength above 1040nm, the Yd ion shows a simple four level structure, that excludes excited state absorption and also a variety of detrimental quenching processes allowing high doping concentrations, which means high pump absorption per unit length. On the contrary, the small quantum defect also has a usually unwanted consequence: the significant quasi-three-level behavior, especially when lasing at short wavelengths (less then 1040nm), that will cause a high threshold and decrease the power efficiency. Fig. 2. Structure of a double-clad fiber and principle of cladding-pumping The Nd doped laser emitting at 1060 nm is a four-level system, which means a lower laser threshold. Associated with the relatively advanced state of 808 nm diodes for pumping Nd:YAG, this made Nd the choice for high power fiber lasers in early stage. Todays high power pump diodes in 9 xx nm are sufficiently bright to make threshold unimportant for most quasi-three-level high power fiber lasers. These overcome the obstacle of ytterbiums higher threshold and raise advantages of a lower quantum defect and higher doping concentration with quench-free. The first single-mode Yb doped fiber laser with output power over 100 W was demonstrated in 1999 , and it illustrated that the advantages of Yb doped double cladding structure can support for further increase in the average power by scaling the size of the optical fiber and the power of pump diode source. Soon after that, the power of cladding pumped YDFL obtained the kilowatt level. Thereafter, by investigating the large-area core design a nd fabrication, the single-mode operation in kilowatt level was realized that would not have been possible for Nd doping. Figure 3: Absorption and emission cross sections of ytterbium-doped germanosilicate glass, as used in the cores of ytterbium-doped fibers. Another sophisticated technique which is adopted in all double-clad fiber lasers at 3 kW and above, is tandem-pump [in-band pumping with high-brightness pump sources, such as one or several fiber lasers, or thin disk laser]. The tandem pump makes it possible to pump close to the emission wavelength so that the quantum defect heating will be low resulting in a reduced thermal load. Actually, some advanced solid-state lasers, such as thin disk laser, is well matched with requirements of in-band high brightness pumping source, and 1 KW level output thin disk laser pumped fiber laser have been realized. Nonlinearities are an issue to further increase the CW output power of the fiber laser. The fiber laser considered above such as in Fig. 1 has operated with linewidths in the 110 nm range. In such system with cw operating, excepting at the extremely high powers or long delivery fibers, the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a weak effect and is relatively easy to prevent. However, for output power above 10 kW, the Raman gain can become so high (tens of decibels) that a considerable part of the power is transferred to a longer-wavelength Stokes wave, reducing the power in the signal wavelength. There are some applications need single frequency sources which can provide light power with narrower spectral line width, such as coherent beam combination of multiple single frequency fiber sources with high power. This scheme offers a promising method for further power scaling, and consequently this stimulates interest in single-frequency power scaling. For narrow bandwidth, especially at linewidths less than 10 MHz, the SBS is the dominate nonlinearity and the severe obstacle for high power single-frequency fiber sources. The SBS can be suppressed with shorter fiber and larger mode field area, and output power of hundred watts has been reported with such schemes .However, this power is still less comparing with the bulk solid state laser. There are several options for SBS mitigation, including straining the fiber in order to broaden the SBS gain bandwidth, and reducing overlap between the optical and acoustic fields. The highest power high-gain fiber amplifier can archive 1.7KW. It was realized by combination of the modest spectral broadening with phase modulation and the fiber with enlarged effective mode area. The most effective way to mitigate nonlinearities (excluding self-focusing) is to enlarge the effective mode area by optimizing geometry designs and material choices of fiber structure. Unlike the passive power delivery fiber, this task is more challenge for active fiber, as doping-induced refractive index changing, and thermal stability will be issues. A straightforward design approach to maintain pure single-mode operation is to increase the core diameter, with the NA reducing correspondingly. However, the downside is the waveguide effect gets weaker, and consequently light is easier lost from the core when the fiber is bent. More works on fiber designs for addressing these challenges are related to photonic crystal fibers techniques. It is possible to make single mode operation in a multi-mode supported fiber, by building up preferentially amplify, or attenuate for specific mode, while the mixing or coupling between modes should be controlled to minimum. There have been works focu sed on using differential gain by selective RE doping across the core , and differential-bend-loss by controlled bending of the fiber. The leakage channel and chirally coupled core fibers are designed to selectively couple propagation mode to high loss mode. The high order mode but not the fundamental mode is coupled to leaky mode, which will substantially be attenuated. The multifilament core and multicore fiber arrange filaments or cores in a two-dimensional array. There are evanescent-field coupling among cores, and the overall structure can exhibit single-mode guidance with large mode area. Academic Objectives From the aspect of power generation, Investigation of advanced fiber for mitigating nonlinearity will be still the most critical issue in increasing the output power for cw fiber lasers. It has been estimated that the maximum single core output powers of the ytterbium doped fiber laser should be at several tens of kilowatts level based on present technique. However, single-mode operation is not indispensable for lots of high power lasers applications. The single or near single mode operation in the MM fiber which is developed by balancing the mode quality, the achievable power, and the damage threshold of the fiber, can offer possibilities to archive higher output power. In addition to that, as the emission wavelength of well developed thin disk laser is still covered by the Yb ions absorption band and is more close to the emission band of the Yb ion, the research on novel architecture using thin disk laser to tandem pump the special designed Yb doped fiber laser also offers the pote ntial to increase output power of fiber laser and develop novel fiber laser with useful function. The proposed research will focus on advanced fiber, especially for the evanescent-field coupled waveguides, also called multi-core fibers (MCF). The main aim is to design and realize novel types of active MCF for increasing the output power of fiber laser with good beam quality, and for suppressing the SBS effect. Besides that, Based on the advanced thin-disk laser, and the novel MCF fiber, the investigation on the novel laser architectures will also be performed. The Outline of the Project According to the above proposed objectives, the research work can be divided to two main phases. The first phase will be focused on fiber design and fabrication, and the expected deliverable is the novel active fiber with improved performance in nonlinearity mitigation and bending resistant. The other phase is about the novel fiber laser architecture, and investigation of the novel tandem pump configuration based on thin-disk laser will be performed. Mathematical Model and Design Strategy The main nonlinearities for cw operating fiber laser is SRS and SBS. Although both of them can be mitigated by the enlarged mode area, the SBS is still too strong for increasing the power of single frequency laser in the LMA fiber. The proposed research aimed to suppress the SBS in the LMA fiber for mitigating both SRS and SBS. According to the previous research, the SBS threshold can be expressed by : (1) The ÃŽÂ ±u is acoustic attenuation coefficient for the acoustic mode of order u, Aeff is the optical effective mode area, G(Ñ ´max) is the SBS effective gain coefficient at the peak frequency, K is the polarization factor. We can see form the equation. Beside the mode area, the SBS can be suppressed by increasing the acoustic loss, reducing the overlap integral, and the SBS effective gain coefficient. The is the normalized overlap integral of the electric and acoustic fields and it can be expressed as : (2) The E0 is the optical field associated with the fundamental mode, and à ?u the field of a longitudinal acoustic eigen-mode of order u. The overlap integral can be changed by modifying the fiber refractive index profile and acoustic velocity profile. The acoustic loss can be changed by glass composition design. As different dopants have different effects on optical and acoustic properties, it is possible to create suitable dopants profile in the core and cladding to reducing the overlap integral or increasing the acoustic loss. Table 1 is some common dopants used for making silica glass based fibers. The profile of the optical and acoustic field can be indicated by optical and acoustic refractive indices. Similar to the optical refractive index, acoustic refractive index is defined as na(r) = VL Silica /VL (r) , where VL(r) is the longitudinal acoustic velocity in the core, and VL Silica is the longitudinal acoustic velocity of pure silica glass. Table 1. Trend of optical and acoustic refractive index change of different dopants in silica GeO2 P2O3 TiO2 B2O3 F2 Al2O3 Optical refractive index à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Acoustic refractive index à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" One straightforward approach to modify the loss for optical and acoustic field of a fiber structure is created a type of optical guiding and acoustic anti-guides with a dopant material(Fig 4 (a)), such as Al2O3, and it has been demonstrated in . The other approach is to reduce optical and acoustic field overlap, with different dopants in the core (Fig 4 (b)). The resultant optical and acoustic refractive index profiles of above approaches are shown below. (b) Fig. 4. Dopant designs for reducing the overlap of the optical and acoustic fields The strategies shown in fig 4 are based on single core fiber. There are quite a few research works on improving the effective mode field in single core fiber, and it is little room to enlarge the effective mode field areas further without detrimental effect in single core fiber LMA. Recently, multicore fiber based LMA has been investigated as passive delivery fiber , and as active fiber in the novel laser architecture. The supported optical mode field of MCF can be designed by core size and core interval; the profile of the acoustic and optical field can be modified by the distribution of dopants and doping area size; and the loss of the optical and acoustic can be controlled by doping material. Thus, it is worth investigating a novel active MCF supporting a few modes or only single supermode with the reduced overlap between the acoustic and optical field. Optical Index Al Yb Ge F/B Acoustic Index Fig 5 the schematic of the proposed 19 core double cladding fiber A fiber design strategy to suppress the SBS is shown in Fig 5. An optical guide while acts as an acoustic anti-guide in the effective optical field areas of MCF will be fabricated by manipulating dopants in core and cladding, for example as shown in fig 5, by choosing Al2O3 in core and GeO2 in cladding. Because the fields of optical and acoustic are separated, the interaction between the optical and acoustic waves is weaker. Furthermore, the MCF will be designed to support a few modes or only one supermode, that benefits for manipulating refraction index to increase threshold of the SBS in the single mode MCF, as the à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  n=neffà ¢Ã‹â€ nclad of single mode MCF is larger than single mode single core fiber(SMF), for example, the index difference à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  n=neffà ¢Ã‹â€ nclad is 3.69ÃÆ'—10à ¢Ã‹â€ 4 in the case of the 19-core fiber reported in and only 1.60ÃÆ'—10à ¢Ã‹â€ 4 for the SMF, providing more room of à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  n for manipulating dopants. Finally, the reference value of parameters such as the diameter of each core, the core interval, and the doped areas of each core, will be archived by numerical calculation. Numerical Calculation The optical field in the waveguide can be solved by numerical calculation the Maxwell equations. Like the optical field, by numerical calculating the nonlinear acoustic equation, the acoustic field can be obtained. After that the SBS threshold can be calculated with equation (1), (2). From the nonlinear acoustic equation, we can obtain the equation that determines the longitudinal acoustic eigen-modes. The acoustic modes that contribute to the SBS associated with the optical fundamental mode have constant azimuth. Neglecting the damping factor, the radial distribution of such a mode can be expressed as: (3) The ÃŽÂ ©u is the acoustic frequency and the ÃŽÂ ²u is the propagation constant of the acoustic mode, VL(r) is the longitudinal acoustic velocity profile across the fiber. The wave equation for optical field in waveguide is derived from the general Maxwell and can be written as: (4) The EO is the optical field, ko=2p/l is the wave number of the optical field, and no(r) is the refraction index profile across the fiber. The optical mode is efficiently backscattered by the acoustic mode when the phase-match condition, ÃŽÂ ² = 2ÃŽÂ ²u, is fulfilled, where ÃŽÂ ² is the propagation constant of the optical field. The ÃŽÂ ² is determined by the optical wavelength ÃŽÂ », the effective refractive index no,eff, and it can be expressed as: ÃŽÂ ² =kono,eff=2pno,eff/l. Determined by the structure, the acoustic field in the proposed 19 core fiber is confined in the inter cladding, and the acoustic index can affect the confining effect. As the position of inter cladding is fixed, once the doping concentration is chosen, the acoustic field will be determined. The optical field in the MCF is determined by both the doping concentration and the geometry structure of the MCF. It is the geometry structure of the MCF provides the extra room to design the optical field with desired mode. The field of a longitudinal acoustic (à ?u) can be numerical calculated with finite-element method. beside the finite-element method, previous research has indicated the à ?u can be solved by utilizing the solver for optical scalar wave equation after defining a few new terms for acoustic wave. to numerical solve the equations (4), as numerical calculation by the finite element method is still valid when strong coupling exists between the different cores, the mode structure of the optical filed in the MCF is also calculated by finite-element method based on commercial available software such as Fimmwave or Comsol-Multiphysics. After knowing the à ?u and the EO, the can be calculated by taking the à ?u and E0 into equation (2). Finally, taking the into equation (1), the Pth of the designed fiber can be obtained. The theoretical M2 propagation factor can be computed with the method in. For a doping state, different Pth value and mode structures can be achieved for different geometry parameter, such as single core diameter and core interval. Optimizing the geometry parameter is necessary to get the high Pth value with good mode structures. Finally, repeatedly implementing above step for different doping condition, a series of optimized reference parameters can be obtained. The home institute IFSW has equipped the fiber manufacturing facility consisting of a modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) preform production lathe and the new commissioned drawing tower. The prototype of the proposed double-clad MFC fiber will be produced in the IFSW by the stack and draw technique. Investigation on the Laser Architectures The mode field mismatch and high operation power set the obstacles on employing the state of art fiber communication components in the high power laser architecture. Beside that some of critical components for high laser, such Bragg gratings in the LMA cores, large mode area pump coupler or combiner for high power diode are still in the initial stages. Above aspects cause the architecture for the exited high power laser is limited comparing with well developed communication band fiber laser. Most of the previous research on increasing the output power focused on developing the LMA fiber. As the difficulty of increasing the output power by enlarging the mode field is increasing continuously, it is time to consider improve the laser output from other aspect. The high brightness power scalable thin disk laser acting as the in-band pumping source can generate less quantum defect heat than 9ÃÆ'—ÃÆ'—nm laser diode, providing the potential to developing novel or improving existed laser structure by using components which are thermal damage or degradation sensitive. Thus there are rooms to increase the output power or improve the efficiency by developing the laser architecture with thin disk laser and special designed high power components. One of proposed architecture improvements is to replace the butt-coupled HR-mirror in the existed laser with the Bragg grating in the core of the double cladding fiber. Fig 6 (a) the butt-coupling mirror based laser architecture Fig 6 (b) the FBG based laser architecture FBG1,2 reflectors for the laser radiation; FBG3 reflectors for the pump light; The reflection rate of the FBG1 is around 99%, that of FBG2is around 50%. For the butt-coupled mirror based laser architecture (Fig 6 (a)), as the butt-coupled mirror will reflect both the pump light and the laser radiation on a very small area, the energy densities will be extremely high in core and cladding near the conjunct point. To withstand such high power densities, special material substrate such as the sapphire is needed to remove the heat very quickly. Even though, the core power density is still close to the damage threshold of the mirror coating. Furthermore, as the pump wavelength is closed to the laser radiation wavelength, to fabricate the dichroic mirror will be rather difficult. Although the Bragg grating inside the fiber core still has the problem of thermal damage, the damage threshold of FBG will be higher than mirror face. Considerable power increasing is expected for replaying mirror with the Bragg grating. From the aspect of fabrication, the wavelength of the Bragg grating is determined by the mask period and the refraction index of the fiber core, it will be easy to fabricate two FBG with spectrum interval larger than 4nm, which is enough to separate the in band pump light and laser radiation. Finally the FBG also can provide the facility to control the laser wavelength, and the laser output wavelength will be determined by the corresponded reflector. In fig 6 they are FBG1,2. Fig 7 the proposed hybrid laser architecture DMCF: doped multicore double cladding fiber, SMF: single-mode fiber, PMSF: polarization maintained single mode fiber ISO1: polarization dependent optical isolator, Amp: amplifier, DM: dichroic mirror, BS: beam splitter,Li (i = [1; 5]): plus lenses, FBG1: fiber Bragg grating for laser radiation, FBG2: fiber Bragg grating for pump light, PZT: Piezoelectric Ceramics Limited by components, many well developed communication fiber laser techniques such as wavelength tuning and polarization stabilizing cannot be projected to high power fiber laser area directly. A promising method to solve the problem is to develop hybrid architecture which employs a low power single mode fiber feedback loop to control the high power laser. By applying the advanced communication laser techniques in the single mode feedback loop, the high power fiber laser with wavelength tuning and polarization stabilizing can be realized. The proposed hybrid laser architecture with wavelength tuning and polarization stabilizing is shown in fig 7. The thin disk emitted pump light is coupled to the double cladding fiber with a dichroic mirror and a plus lens. The FBG in pump wavelength is employed in the far end of the active fiber. A small part of the emitted beam is reflected and coupled to the feedback loop whereas the most of power is coupled out from the laser cavity. The lens set (L4 to L6) constitutes a free-space imaging system for projecting the far field of the DMCF onto the input face of the SMF. Polarization independent optical isolators and circulator in the feedback loop determined the light traveling direction and eliminated the unwanted reflected light. Furthermore, the polarization independent optical isolator shapes the light to single polarization state, which will be persevered in the feedback loop by polarization maintained fiber. The FBG1 is fixed in a stretch preloaded piezoelectric ceramics, and the reflected wavelength can be tuned slightly by driving the PZT with Bi-directional signal. After passing th e feed pack fiber, the DMCF will amplify the seed laser radiation, and consequently power will be scaled and the polarization can be preserved.

Personal Financial Management Essay

1. You need to hire a receptionist that will be handling cash. What steps would you take to make sure you hire the right person? Inquire about previous cash handling experience, ask about their personal financial management, how they handle their personal finances. 2. Why should you teach your employees the importance of personal financial management? What are some creative ways of doing this? How employees handle their income reflects their work performance, if someone is having financial issues it will most likely cause them to be stressed at the work place. It is important to teach employees how to handle their finances so the overall performance of the company is not affected. Some ways to do this is by having workshops, company meetings, games, or a company lunch. Any setting where a financial manger could come in and answer any questions an employee might have as to how to manage their finances better. 3. What specific steps can you take to improve your spending habits? Some ways I could improve my spending habits would be to assist my want versus need. I can admit that at times I do unnecessary spending. I should make a budget of how much I spend and how much I earn and try to be fugal in my spending habits.

Loss and Grief

What is loss? What is grief? Loss is most often equated to death but generally, â€Å"loss occurs when an event is perceived to be negative by individuals involved, and it results in long-term changes in one's social situations, relationships, or way of viewing the world and oneself† (Marriage and Family Encyclopedia 2008). One tends to experience loss in one’s lifetime. Children usually experience loss through a death of a pet or a parent. Adults likewise experience loss through death of a spouse or because of divorce; they may also experience job or health losses.When we value something or someone that we lost, we experience grief. â€Å"Grief is the psyche’s natural healing response when faced with change and loss† (PsychCentral 2008). This suggests that grief is a normal and natural experience to a person who has experienced personal loss. Furthermore, it is said to be a â€Å"process, not an event† (PsychCentral 2008) which means that grief sho uld be allowed and given time to completely take place. Strayhorn enumerates the characteristics of grief (PsychCentral 2008). First, he says that pain is a natural part of grieving.One may choose to repress or ignore the pain but he says that further losses in life can always trigger it and eventually, the hurt only doubles. Second, he maintains that ‘grieving is a highly individualized process’ (PsychCentral 2008). This demonstrates how different each person is while in grief. Though grief is said to be a universal and a natural occurrence, the way one person grieves differs from another. Furthermore, being aware of the five stages of grief: â€Å"shock, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance† (PsychCentral 2008) helps one to cope with grief.Lastly, Strayhom states that â€Å"grief has no timetable† (PsychCentral 2008). Grief therefore should be allowed to take its own course. However, each individual in the process of grieving should also do activiti es to help them heal. Constantly sharing ones deepest sentiments to a trusted friend is always beneficial to a person in grief. There have been known grief responses, â€Å"such as a yearning for the lost person or state of affairs, a need to think repeatedly about past events, a sense of guilt, or even thoughts of suicide.(Death Reference 2008)† According to the Death Reference website (2008), Terry Martin and Kenneth Doka formulated 3 basic patterns of grief. First is the Intuitive Pattern, where the griever freely manifests his/her feelings. He/She can display intense emotions such as outbursts and crying. Any means to allow the griever to vent out his/her emotions is beneficial for coping. Second is the Instrumental Pattern where the griever would recall memories of the dead person and doing something in relation to those thoughts.An example cited by Martin and Doka (1999) where a man who has lost his daughter in a vehicular accident fixed the fence which his daughter has ruined during the accident. He said that it was the only thing he could repair. Third is the Dissonant Pattern. â€Å"Dissonant grievers are those who experience grief in one pattern but who are inhibited from finding compatible ways to express or adapt to grief that are compatible with their experience† (Death Reference 2008). For instance, when a man loses his wife, he can feel the urge to cry with his daughters and to show weakness.However, he chooses to keep it, as it is inappropriate for a man to do so. Women who lose spouses can experience the same situation, when she inhibits emotions and puts up a strong stance to protect her children. Loss and Grief on Different Perspectives There have been various studies about grief and prove that its characteristics are individualized and unique. On the one hand, children, grieve differently from adults (PsychCentral 2008). Young kids often think that the person who died will soon come back as seen in cartoon shows.Meanwhile, the re are signs which tell whether the child is experiencing significant grief. He/She tends to become immature for his/her age and there is also a considerable decrease in school performance. When these are present, Cohen advises the child be seen by a child psychologist (PsychCentral 2008). On the other hand, men and women also have distinct characteristics of grief. In an article written by Karen Carney in PsychCentral (2008), she enumerates the key points on how men grieve basing from Tom Golden’s book entitled ‘Swallowed by a Snake: The Gift of the Masculine Side of Healing’ (1997).Golden mentions that counselors tend to use approaches similar to what they use towards women, which was later on found to be ineffective to men. Men usually cope by busying themselves with any activity that would either use the mind or the body (PsychCentral 2008). Moreover, men try to go on living their lives as normal as possible like going on their usual routine. In contrast, wom en are attached to their feelings. They have the tendency to recall memories of the loved one who died (Linda-Angel 2005).It is significant to note that there are differences between the characteristics of the male and female human brain, which can be a cause of the distinction on how each sex grieves (PsychCentral 2008). In a study by Buchebner-Ferstl (2002), she mentions the differences between how a woman and a man deal with loss of a loved one (death). She said that women have broader social networks than men, and that women are often the source of social support between the couple. Being the case, she says that some experts would conclude that because of this, women cope better with loss.Moreover, â€Å"women are said to have a more emotionally-oriented behaviour, and men are said to be more problem-oriented† (Buchebner-Ferstl 2002). This means that women are more geared than men to grieve and share their emotions with other people. In addition to this, she mentions that research shows that women are said to have a â€Å"stronger sense of survivability †¦ [and] men are biologically more susceptible to the negative effects of stressors† (Buchebner-Ferstl 2002). This demonstrates that women are more apt to survive loss than men.Also, it was mentioned in the Death Reference website (2007) that men were socially conditioned to hide their emotions. In contrast, women can openly share their feelings to other people, allowing grief to take its course. Further, Louis LeGrand states that the gender difference â€Å"does not mean that men are not grieving; it does indicate that they may not accomplish the task as successfully as women† (LeGrand 1986:31). In a research conducted by Martin and Doka (1999), the differences between how women and men grieve were tackled. Their research showed the following:†¢ Upon the death of a spouse, the widower would usually engage in activities such as working or gym activities and are likely to resor t to alcohol. Conversely, widows spend time with friends and family for emotional support. †¢ Similarly, for those parents who have lost a child, the mothers tend to show emotions than the father. †¢ For those middle-aged children who lost a parent, the sons were more likely to engage in busy activities to deal with the loss while daughters show grief. †¢ Basing on the older generation, there are only slight differences on manifesting grief.†¢ â€Å"Differences in gender are also affected by other variables such as social class, generational differences, and cultural differences† (Death Reference 2008). †¢ The paper suggests that studies show varying results in terms of which gender copes with grief more effectively. The study of grief on the basis of gender is remarkable however Doka claims that the â€Å"[grief] pattern is not determined by gender† (Death Reference 2008) alone but is affected by other factors as well. Cultures differ in socia l norms and practices.There are societies where the sight of a man crying in grief is as acceptable as when a woman does (Death Reference 2008). Additionally, cultures differ in valuing relationships and attachment towards people and things, thus they also differ in grief experiences. Models of Loss and Grief There have been a number of loss and grief models that is based on the notion that every person in grief goes more or less in ‘the same sequence of stages in the recovery from grief, and at relatively the same speed’(Slap-Shelton 2008). Particularly on death, Kubler-Ross has formulated a model composed of 5 stages, as follows:1. ‘Denial and Isolation’ – The person who experienced death cannot accept that he/she actually lost a loved one. In severe cases, the person completely denies that death took place (Slap-Shelton 2008). 2. ‘Anger’- Here the person expresses anger towards others, and towards God, questioning Him why the loss had to happen to him/her (Slap-Shelton 2008). 3. ‘Bargaining’ – This is when one bargains and tries to compromise with God. 4. ‘Depression’ – As the person realizes and acknowledges the loss, he/she now experiences depression and deep sadness.5. ‘Acceptance’- The bereaved now accepts the reality of loss and is able to project a new life ahead. Based on a number of literatures on grief, Kubler-Ross’s model has become one of the most known and familiar. This model appears to define the stages of dying, phases of grief and is applicable not only to death but in other losses such as divorce or a break up. In the University of Kentucky website, Kastenbaum criticizes Kubler-Ross’s model, saying that these are not supposed to be stages as they do not happen chronologically (1998).In addition, he says that all these five stages are not necessarily undergone by a person dying or grieving. He further maintains that grief is uniqu e to every individual (University of Kentucky 1998). This demonstrates that these stages limit the process of grieving which is supposed to be individualized. Following this, various theoretical models on loss and grief were formulated. Charles Corr, specifically believed in the individuality of coping with death (University of Kentucky 1998). People differ in values therefore they also differ in need and coping mechanism for the same experience of loss.Meanwhile, Worden, Leick & Davidsen-Nielson (1991) proposed four means to understand loss and help accept its reality. First, one should recognize the fact that someone died or left for good. Second, one should not suppress the emotions but let them take their course. According to Slap-Shelton, (1998) among the intense emotions that one can feel during loss include â€Å"sadness, despair, anger, guilt, fear, loneliness, shame, jealousy. † Furthermore, to allow feeling these and letting these manifest will help in recovering ov er the loss.Third, it is advisable to let in something new in your life. For instance, one can learn a new skill or find a new set of friends. Through the process the person who experienced loss can grow despite the circumstance. Lastly, one ought to â€Å"reinvest emotional energy into the present† (Slap-Shelton 1998). This means that the bereaved person should focus on what is ahead and what he/she can do to live this new life without the person who died. Some, for example, do activities that commemorate and celebrate the goodness of the dead person.Furthermore, grief can be more understood in two other perspectives: psychoanalytic and attachment perspectives Basing from psychoanalysis, grief stems out of the griever’s uncertainty of where his/her relationship stands, now that the partner died. At the same time, â€Å"the psychological function of grief is to free the individual of the tie to the deceased and allow him or her to achieve a gradual detachment by means of a process of grief work† (Death Reference 2008). Many counselors and therapists have been influenced by this however such theory has also been criticized.On the other hand, Bowlby’s theory was based on the biological aspects of grieving. He maintains â€Å"that the biological function of grief was to regain proximity to the attachment figure, separation from which had caused anxiety† (Death Reference 2008). This means that when humans are separated from a figure whom or which they had attachment to, this results to reactions of grief. Conclusion According to the Marriage and Family Encyclopedia (2008), more recent models on loss and grief are now focused on â€Å"identifying symptoms [rather than] the process of grieving† (Marriage and Family Encyclopedia 2008).Stroebe and Schut (1990) formulated the Dual Process Model of Coping. Humans cope with grief with a combination of both â€Å"loss orientation† and â€Å"restoration orientation†. Loss orientation is allowing grief to take place for instance crying and reaching out to others while restoration orientation is â€Å"adjusting to the many changes triggered by loss† by engaging in new activities. Such dual model recognizes grief as a â€Å"dynamic and fluctuating process, labeled ‘oscillation,’ that incorporates confrontation and avoidance of different components at different times, and includes both positive and negative reappraisals† (Death Reference 2008).For instance, a man who lost his wife learns how to paint and takes pleasure in the activity (restoration orientation). However in the process, he is asked to paint a memorable place and thus reminded of the wife who has died and feels sad about it (loss orientation). Basing from the literature reviewed, grief can be described as universal since all humans at one point in their lives experience grief. Grief is natural since it is said to be an inevitable response to loss. However, th ere has not been an encompassing theory that can gauge grief; perhaps due to its vastness and complexity.Further studies and research, particularly on the biological perspective, how grief starts and where it ends, will allow a deeper understanding of human grief. List of References Buchebner-Ferstl, S 2002, Gender-specific differences in coping with bereavement, Osterreichisches Institut fur Familienforschung, Austria, viewed 30 Maarch 2008, . Carney, K 2006, How men grieve, 4 November, viewed 1 April 2008, . Cohen, H 2007, Children and grief, 4 June, viewed 1 April 2008 Coping With Loss 2008. Marriage and Family Encyclopedia viewed 28 March 2008 . Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2008. [online]. [accessed 29-31 March 2008]. Available from World Wide Web: . LeGrand, L. 1986 Coping with separation and loss as a young adult. Springfield, IL: Charles C.Thomas. Martin, T. & Doka, J. 1999. Men don't cry, women do: Transcending gender stereotypes of grief. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis . Rosenblatt, P. , Walsh, R. & Jackson, D. 1976. Grief and mourning in cross-cultural perspective. Washington, DC: HRAF Press. Schwab, R n. d. ,Gender, Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, viewed 29 March 2008, . Slap-Shelton, S 1991, The phases and tasks of grief work, Self Help Magazine, viewed 31 March 2008, .Strayhorn, D 2008, Surviving a life crisis, 21 January, Psych Central, viewed 1 April 2008,. Stroebe, M. , & Schut, H. , 1990. The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: Rationale and Description. Death Studies 23, p. 197–224. Stroebe, M, Stroebe, W & Schut, H, Theories on grief, viewed 29 March 2008, . Women, men & grief 2005, Child Bereavement Trust, viewed 31 M arch 2008, .

The Meaning of Tenir in French and How to Use the Verb

Tenir is an irregular verb ending in -ir and usually means to hold or to keep. Tenir has a number of other meanings, including some which depend on the preposition that follows. Its used in a number of French expressions. Meanings of Tenir Tenir usually means to hold or to keep: Quest-ce quil tient à   la main?  Translation: What is he holding in his hand?Je dois tenir les enfants par la main. Translation: I need to hold the kids hands.Tenez les yeux fermà ©s. Translation: Keep your eyes closed.Il faut tenir cette affiche en place. Translation: You need to hold this poster in place. Additional Meanings To have/keep under control: Vous tenez bien votre classe.Translation: You have your class under control. To run/manage (a business): Qui tient le magasin?Translation: Whos running the store? To organize (an event): Le comità © tient une sà ©ance chaque mois.Translation: The committee holds a meeting every month. To handle, be able to accept: Elle ne tient pas lalcool. (informal)Translation: She cant hold her liquor. To keep: Je tiens toujours mes promesses.I always keep my promises. To take up, fulfill: Cette table tient trop de place.Translation: This table takes up too much room Tenir à   Tenir à   may be followed by a noun, an infinitive, or a clause. When followed by a noun, it means either to value, care about, be attached to or to be due to, stem from: Je ne tiens pas à   son opinion. Translation: I dont care about his opinion.À quoi tient son succà ¨s? Translation: What is the secret of his success? When followed by an infinitive or ce que subjunctive, tenir à   means to be anxious/eager: Je tiens à   vous remercier. Translation: Im eager to thank you.Il tient à   ce que tu sois à   laise. Translation: Hes anxious for you to feel comfortable. Tenir can also be used to mean to depend on - most commonly with ne___ quà  : Cela ne tient quà   toi de choisir. Translation: Its up to you to choose. The choice depends (only) on you.Cela ne tient pas quà   moi. Translation: It doesnt depend on me alone. Tenir de Tenir de means to take after/resemble, to have to do with: Elle tient de sa mà ¨re. Translation: She takes after her mother.Cela tient du miracle. Translation: That seems like a miracle, Theres something miraculous about that. Se Tenir Reflexively, tenir means to hold (oneself), to be in a position, or to behave: Pourquoi se tient-il la jambe? Translation: Why is he holding his leg?Je me tenais par une main. Translation: I held myself (up) with one hand.Tu dois te tenir debout. Translation: You have to stand up.Nous nous tenons prà ªts à   partir. Translation: Were prepared to leave.Elle se tient bien. Translation: Shes well-behaved.Tiens-toi tranquille! Translation: Behave yourself! Be quiet! Se tenir can also be used intransitively with many of the meanings in the first section (to hold a meeting, to be connected, etc) Present Tense Conjugations je tienstu  tiensil tientnous  tenonsvous  tenezï » ¿ils  tiennent